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E (Cyrillic)
E (Э э; italics: ''Э э''), also known as Backwards E from (ロシア語:Э оборотное), ''E oborotnoye'', is a letter found amongst Slavonic languages only in Russian and Belarusian, representing the sounds and . In other Slavonic languages using the Cyrillic script, these sounds are represented by Ye (Е е), which in Russian and Belarusian represents in initial and post-vocalic position or else and palatalizes the preceding consonant. In Cyrillic Moldovan, which was used in the Moldovan SSR during Soviet times and is still used in Transnistria, this letter corresponds to ă in the Latin Romanian alphabet. It is also used in the Cyrillic alphabets used by Mongolian and many Uralic, Caucasian and Turkic languages of the former Soviet Union.
==Origin==
The letter originated in the thirteenth century as a variant of , at first, according to Djordjić〔Петар Ђорђић, ''Историја српске ћирилице'', Београд, 2-a изд., 1987, p.87〕 in superscripted line-final position, but by the end of the century elsewhere as well.〔Cf ''Банишко евангелие: среднобългарски паметник от XIII век'', подгот. за печат с увод и коментар Е. Дограмаджиева и Б. Райков, София, 1981, pp.13, 341〕 In the following centuries it continued to appear sporadically as an uncommon variant of , but not later than in the fifteenth century amongst the Eastern Slavs it began to be used to indicate initial (un-iotated) . According to Yefim Karskiy, "Western Russian ustav knows , e.g. in Miscellany of the 15th c. from the Public Library (manuscr. #391) ( etc.), chronicles of 15th-16th cc., Miscellany of Poznań (16th c.),〔Published in the vol. 17 of the Complete Collection of Russian Chronicles.〕 Statut of 1588... It is difficult to say whether it has been developed here independently or it came from South Slavic manuscripts, where occurs as early as in 13-14th cc."〔"Западнорусский устав знает ''э'', напр. в Сб. XV в. Публ. б. № 391 ( и др.), летописях XV—XVI вв., Позн. Сб. XVI в., Статуте 1588... Трудно сказать, развилось ли оно здесь самостоятельно или же зашло из югославянских рукописей, где ''э'' встречается уже в XIII—XIV вв." (Е. Ф. Карский, ''Белорусы: Язык белорусского народа'', вып. 1, М., 1955, р. 69). See also pp. 165-166 for more details and examples.〕 Although the revision of Meletius Smotrytsky’s grammar published in Moscow in 1648 does not include in its alphabet, it does consistently write (''Etymologia''), in contrast to in the first edition of 1619. It was by no means confined to this function in the period, however, as the prevalent spellings (beside ) demonstrate.
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